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What's the Harm? The Future of the First Amendment
Discrimination, the Speech That Enables It, and the First Amendment
Helen Norton
Rothgerber Chair in Constitutional Law and Professor of Law, University of Colorado School of Law.

Thanks to Bethany Reece, Jessica Reed-Baum, Virginia Sargent, and Jonathan Smith for outstanding research, and to the University of Chicago Legal Forum for excellent editorial assistance. Thanks too for thoughtful comments from Rachel Arnow-Richman, Rebecca Aviel, Amal Bass, Alan Chen, Terry Fromson, Beto Juarez, Margot Kaminski, Margaret Kwoka, Vicki Schultz, Nantiya Ruan, Derigan Silver, Scott Skinner-Thompson, Catherine Smith, and the par-ticipants at the Colloquium on Scholarship on Employment and Labor Law at Texas A&M School of Law, the Free Expression Scholars Conference at Yale Law School, and the symposium on What’s the Harm? The Future of the First Amendment, at the University of Chicago Law School.

Imagine that you’re interviewing for your dream job, only to be asked by the hiring committee whether you’re pregnant. Or HIV-positive. Or Muslim. Does the First Amendment protect your interviewers’ inquiries from government regulation? This Article explores that question.

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What's the Harm? The Future of the First Amendment
Free Speech and the "Unique Evils" of Public Accommodations Discrimination
Elizabeth Sepper
Professor of Law, University of Texas at Austin School of Law.

I’m grateful to Kathryn Garza for excellent research assistance and to the participants in the University of Chicago Law School’s Legal Forum Symposium, What’s the Harm? The Future of the First Amendment, for their comments and suggestions. I thank Nika Arzoumanian, Rebecca Boorstein, Austin Kissinger, Daniel Simon, Anna Porter, James Gao, Rebecca Roman, Claire Lee, Qi Xie, and the rest of the journal staff for their superb organizing and editorial assistance.

For over a hundred years, the U.S. Supreme Court—and an array of state supreme courts—consistently rejected arguments that businesses open to the public have a constitutional right to provide less than the full and equal services required by antidiscrimination laws. The Supreme Court made clear that public accommodations law “does not, on its face, target speech or discriminate on the basis of its content.”

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What's the Harm? The Future of the First Amendment
"Segs and the City" and Cutting-Edge Aesthetic Experiences: Resolving the Circuit Split on Tour Guides' Licensing Requirements and the First Amendment
Marie J. Plecha
B.A. Dartmouth College; J.D. Candidate, The University of Chicago Law School.

Tourism represents an important contributor to state and local economies. Accordingly, some U.S. cities have sought to regulate operations of the industry, including the activities of official tour guides.

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What's the Harm? The Future of the First Amendment
When Speech Isn't Free: The Rising Costs of Hosting Controversial Speakers at Public Universities
Rebecca Roman
B.S. Florida State University; J.D. Candidate, The University of Chicago Law School, 2021.

Many thanks to Professor Baird and Professor Stone for their guidance, and to Zachary Spencer for all of his great ideas, including the topic of this Comment. I would also like to thank my dear friends on The University of Chicago Legal Forum for their contributions to this piece.

“Free” speech seems like a misnomer when looking at the price public universities have to pay to protect students’ First Amendment rights. Accommodating controversial speakers on campus requires universities to balance budget constraints with free speech.

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What's the Harm? The Future of the First Amendment
Uncommon Law: The Past, Present and Future of Libel Law in a Time of "Fake News" and "Enemies of the American People"
Jane E. Kirtley
Silha Professor of Media Ethics and Law, and Director of the Silha Center for the Study of Me-dia Ethics and Law, Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, and affiliated faculty member, Law School, University of Minnesota.

Parts of this essay were adapted from the author’s lecture, “Uncommon Law: The Past, Present and Future of Libel in America,” delivered at the 2019 Reynolds School of Journalism First Amendment Forum at the University of Nevada in Reno, on April 23, 2019, and from her article Getting to the Truth: Fake News, Libel Laws, and “Enemies of the American People” published in Vol. 43, No. 4 of Human Rights Magazine. The author would like to thank Silha Center Research Assistants Scott Memmel, Sarah Wiley, and Jonathan Anderson for their invaluable research assistance. Uncommon Law: The Past, Present and Future of Libel in America, U. of Nev., Reno, h‌tt‌p‌s‌:‌/‌/‌e‌v‌e‌n‌t‌s‌.‌u‌n‌r‌.‌e‌d‌u‌/‌e‌v‌e‌n‌t‌/‌u‌n‌c‌ommon_law_the_past_present_and_future_of_libel_in_america#.XN8jrMhKiUk [https://perma.cc/EQ6Z-SS6D].

After many years of comparative quiet, the United States is experiencing a growth in libel suits brought by both public officials and private figures.

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Law for the Next Pandemic
Getting Down to Brass Tax: Why Courts Should Use Equitable Tolling to Help Taxpayer-Petitioners Impacted by COVID-19
Hannah Fisher
B.S., Texas A&M University, 2018; J.D. Candidate, The University of Chicago Law School, 2022.

Many thanks to Professor William Hubbard and the editorial staff of the Legal Forum for their thoughtful feedback at every iteration of this piece. I am also endlessly grateful for the support of my friends and family along the way.

Filing deadlines, and the varying ramifications for failing to satisfy them, have been a longstanding fixture of the American litigation landscape. And as if the economic downturn was not already felt sharply enough, the pandemic’s arrival painfully coincided with the peak of the United States tax season.

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Law for the Next Pandemic
Protecting Mixed-Status Families: Equal Protection Analysis of the Dual Social Security Number Requirement
Nena Gallegos
B.S., American University, 2019; J.D. Candidate, The University of Chicago Law School, 2022.

Many thanks to Professor Aziz Huq for his invaluable guidance and thoughtful feedback. I would also like to thank the past and present editors of The University of Chicago Legal Forum for their insightful contributions.

This Comment analyzes the equal protection issues raised by the Dual SSN Requirement and argues that it violates the equal protection rights of citizen children and spouses.

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Law for the Next Pandemic
The IDEA's Stay-Put Provision: A Staple of Pandemic IEP Litigation?
Natalie Granda
B.A., University of Miami, 2018; J.D. Candidate, The University of Chicago Law School, 2022.

Many thanks to Professor Emily Buss and the members of The University of Chicago Legal Forum for their support and guidance throughout the Comment writing process.

School closures in the wake of COVID-19 have caused major disruptions in the lives of our nation’s students. Following the widespread closures of schools in March of 2020, concerns for students have ranged widely, from social and emotional development, to physical and nutritional wellbeing, to academic progress and achievement.

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Law for the Next Pandemic
The Need for Tort Law Necessity Defense in Intellectual Property Law
Yaniv Heled
Associate Professor, Georgia State University College of Law; J.S.D. 2011, LL.M. 2004 Columbia Law School; LL.B. 2000, Undergraduate Diploma in Biology 2000 Tel Aviv University.
Ana Santos Rutschman
Assistant Professor of Law, Saint Louis University School of Law, Center for Health Law Studies and Center for Comparative and International Law. S.J.D., LL.M., Duke Law School.
Liza Vertinsky
Associate Professor, Emory Law School; Ph.D. (econ.) 1997, J.D. 1997 Harvard University; M.A. (econ.) 1992 University of British Columbia; B.A. 1991 Oxford University.

We are grateful to Timothy Lytton for comments on an earlier version of the essay. We also thank Cynthia Ho, Christa Laser, Rachel Sachs, Sean Tu, Ofer Tur-Sinai and participants at the 2021 WIPIP Conference for their comments and suggestions. We are also grateful to Lane McKell and Alessandra Palazzolo for their assistance with research for this essay.

The COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare inherent tensions between the protection of intellectual property (IP) and the health of individuals touched by life-threatening medical conditions. Instead of looking for solutions that would entail legislative action, a stretch of emergency powers, or vague private commitments, we suggest that the law already provides a mechanism for addressing this tension in the form of the age-old common tort law doctrine of necessity.

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Law for the Next Pandemic
Four Futures for U.S. Pandemic Policy
Daniel Hemel
Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School; Visiting Professor of Law, New York University School of Law.

Thanks to Daniel Rodriguez, Crofton Kelly, Dylan Moore, and Alan‌ Rozenshtein for thoughtful comments.

In the spring of 2020, when the editors of The University of Chicago Legal Forum chose “Law for the Next Pandemic” as the theme for their upcoming fall symposium, the title seemed rather pessimistic. Really, we’re going to have to do all of this again?

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Law for the Next Pandemic
Scrambling the New Sanitationist Synthesis: Civil Liberties and Public Health in the Age of COVID-19
John Fabian Witt
Duffy Professor of Law & History; Head of Davenport College, Yale; john.witt@yale.edu.

Many thanks to Greg Schwartz for extraordinary research assistance.

Beginning in the 1980s, leading figures in the law of public health began to argue that protecting individual and human rights would promote public health, not interfere with it. Today, however, threats to this new synthesis view abound, and for good reason.

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Law for the Next Pandemic
The Validity of Tribal Checkpoints in South Dakota to Curb the Spread of COVID-19
Ann E. Tweedy
Associate Professor, University of South Dakota School of Law. The author also spent over a decade representing tribal governments, including serving as a Tribal Attorney for Muck-leshoot Indian Tribe and Swinomish Indian Tribal Community and as an Associate Attorney and as Of Counsel at Kanji & Katzen, PLLC.

I would like to thank Professors Matthew Fletcher, Jasmine Gonzales Rose, Steven Macias, Eric Eberhard, and Frank Pommersheim for reviewing drafts of this article. I would also like to thank my research assistants Josey Johnson and Raegan Chavez for their invaluable help, as well as the editors of the University of Chicago Legal Forum for their careful attention to this piece and for their excellent suggestions. Finally, I am grateful to Sarah Kammer, Head of Public, Faculty and Student Services at McKusick Law Library, for her adept assistance.

This Article explores what measures tribal governments can take to enforce regulations and policies designed to protect their own citizens and others within their territories from COVID-19.